bulk effect การใช้

• In a diamagnetic material, there are no unpaired electrons, so the intrinsic electron magnetic moments cannot produce any bulk effect.
• Photoresistors used in opto-isolators rely on bulk effects in a uniform film of semiconductor; there are no p-n junctions . which made them ideal for driving vacuum fluorescent displays.
• There are a variety of bulk effects in solid state physics, mathematically very similar to the Casimir effect, where the cutoff frequency comes into explicit play to keep expressions finite . ( These are discussed in greater detail in " Landau and Lifshitz ", " Theory of Continuous Media " .)